(a) Graphically encoded microparticles can be manipulated by deep learning-driven decoding and laser-induced forward transferring systems. I-LIFT system for manipulating encoded microparticles for multiplexed assay. Also, we attached the motorized stage in the bottom part of the device for automatically selecting the position of the retrieval. We used the nano-second pulse laser to apply the laser ablation to the irradiated regions with less damage to the placed microparticles. ITO coated on the normal glass slide works as a sacrificial layer to push out the attached particles when irradiated by the near-infrared (1064 nm) nano-second pulsed laser through vaporization. After decoding, the coordinates of the microparticle containing the target chemicals are fed as an input for the isolation by the laser-induced forward transfer process. In the trained neural net (NN), the microparticle features are extracted from the acquired images, and the identities of the codes on the microparticles and their coordinates are returned. First, the mixed library of the microparticles is dispersed to the indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass slides for the imaging of the graphical codes. By connecting the deep learning-driven decoding of the encoded microparticles and laser-induced forward transfer system, we could retrieve the particles of interest from the mixed pool of the encoded particle libraries. Graphically encoded microparticles hold a number of advantages in that it has a wide range of encoding variety with high decoding accuracy, regardless of the types of loaded chemicals. Here, we developed the image-based laser-induced forward transfer (I-LIFT) platform for connecting the micro-scale to a macro-scale interface that can transfer the chemical-laden graphically encoded microparticles with the specific codes to the desired position ( Fig. The laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) system has the advantage of transferring the micro-sized particles owing to the precise controllability, but it has not been yet applied to selecting the specific encoded microparticles among the mixed libraries. To overcome such technical limitations, a high-throughput optical manipulation needs to be developed for the practical application of using encoded microparticles in multiplexed assays. However, optical methods such as optical tweezers require complex excitation and a strong optical field intensity to manipulate the encoded microparticles. 35–37 Among these methods, optical methods provide advantages in that they can manipulate the encoded microparticles with similar sizes and electromagnetic properties, which widens the spectrum of encoding methods. 22–24 Some examples of active microparticle manipulation include acoustophoresis, 25–27 dielectrophoresis, 28–32 magnetophoresis, 33, 34 and optical methods. 20–23 Technologies to actively manipulate or sort encoded microparticles are being developed, but active manipulation of the microparticles with similar physical, chemical, and electromagnetic properties remains challenging. To increase the versatility of the encoded microparticles, it is important to link the micro-level assays to macro-level post-processing via indexing and sorting. 16–18 Due to the aforementioned reasons, a microparticle-based approach was adopted to small-volume high throughput screening to use the microparticle as a microcarrier capable of controlled loading and releasing of the predetermined substances. 15 The desire for miniaturization of the high-throughput screening increased due to the cost savings in reaction and sample volume. High throughput screening in early-stage drug discovery is essential as it enables the finding of effective hits through unbiased large-scale screening. 12–14 An example of using encoded microparticles for multiplexed assays is high throughput screening in early-stage drug discovery. These properties make encoded microparticles an ideal substitute for the enormous chemical libraries needed for multiplex assays. Encoded microparticles have shown great potential in biological and chemical applications including disease diagnostics, 1–4 drug delivery, 5, 6 and other small-volume reactions, 7–11 owing to the high multiplexity and miniaturization.
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